Chapter 41: The Dangers of Power

For this Chapter we will use Legge's Translation:

The Dao produced One; One produced Two; Two produced Three; Three produced All things.

All things leave behind them the Obscurity (out of which they have come), and go forward to embrace the Brightness (into which they have emerged), while they are harmonised by the Breath of Vacancy.

What men dislike is to be orphans, to have little virtue, to be as carriages without naves; and yet these are the designations which kings and princes use for themselves. So it is that some things are increased by being diminished, and others are diminished by being increased.

What other men (thus) teach, I also teach.

The violent and strong do not die their natural death. I will make this the basis of my teaching.

Interpretation:

This chapter may be seen to have an inverted structure will the earlier stanza used to build to the final line.

In stanzas one the author reminds us that all form rises from the formless.

The translation of stanza two is somewhat in doubt.  Some translators translate this stanza to mean that all things have positive and negative attributes which are held in balance buy the unmanifested nature of the Dao.    Susuki translates it this way: 

"The ten thousand things are sustained by Yin [the negative principle]; they are encompassed by Yang [the positive principle], and the immaterial breath renders them harmonious."

This translation seems more likely because it ties more clearly to the overall message.  

After having asserted that all things have positive and negative attributes, the author goes on to assert that some negative (or weak) attributes are actually desirable.  The example he gives is from an earlier chapter where they pointed out that humility, in this case claiming low station, is advantageous for rulers.

Finally, the author says that they, like other teachers before, will teach that seeking only to be strong and violent will not grant you long life.

The overall message of this stanza can be read thus:  All things rise from the Dao with both positive and negative (strengthening and weakening, or expressive and receptive) properties.  Even the strongest of use find use for the weakest tools.  Therefor, those who seek only power and violence doom themselves.

Or, as has been stated many times before, a balanced life is best.

Understanding the Tao te Ching Ch. 28: Finding Simplicity

He who knows his manhood and understands his womanhood becomes useful like the valleys of earth (which bring water). Being like the valleys of earth, eternal vitality (de [teh]) will not depart from him, he will come again to the nature of a little child

He who knows his innocence and recognizes his sin becomes the world's model. Being a world's model, infinite de [teh] will not fail, he will return to the Absolute.

He who knows the glory of his nature and recognizes also his limitations becomes useful like the world's valleys. Being like the world'svalleys, eternal de [teh] will not fail him, he will revert to simplicity.

Radiating simplicity he will make of men vessels of usefulness. The wise man then will employ them as officials and chiefs. A great administration of such will harm no one.

Interpretation:

These stanza may be said to represent a ladder of progress toward simple life.  

The first stanza suggest that we learn to understand our yin and yang, our expressive and receptive abilities.

The translation of the second stanza is in doubt.  The concepts of sin and innocence are not common in Taoism.  Legge translates the same stanza this way:

"Who knows how white attracts,
Yet always keeps himself within black's shade,
The pattern of humility displayed,
Displayed in view of all beneath the sky;
He in the unchanging excellence arrayed,
Endless return to man's first state has made."

Translated this way, stanza two becomes a lesson in humility; a common theme in Taoism.

Stanza three returns to to the earlier message of the "glory" found within all things that arise from the Tao but reminds us to balance that with our limited nature.  The combination of these three attributes; balance of yin and yang, humility, and glory matched to ability leads to a simple life.

The fourth stanza observes that a person skilled in these three skills can be of great use as leaders because they will not desire to harm anyone.

Understanding the Tao te Ching Chapter 26: Remaining Calm

The heavy is the root of the light; the quiet is master of motion.

Therefore the wise man in all the experience of the day will not depart from dignity. Though he be surrounded with sights that are magnificent, he will remain calm and unconcerned.

How does it come to pass that the Emperor, master of ten thousand chariots, has lost the mastery of the Empire? Because being flippant himself, he has lost the respect of his subjects; being passionate himself, he has lost the control of the Empire.

Interpretation:

Here the author ties the issue of opposites to individual life.  We know from earlier chapters that light and dark make each other, and the neither good nor evil can exist without the other.  So if we wish to remain on the path, how do we react to the events around us?  Too much excitement and we lose control, too much control and we lose passion.  The author suggests to us that we do not overreact to any experience that we have.  When the author asks how the master of the chariots can lose mastery of the kingdom, we can read them to say, if we cannot master our own responses, we cannot control the world around us.



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Understanding the Tao te Ching Chapter 24: "Being Natural"

24.

It is not natural to stand on tiptoe, or being astride one does not walk. One who displays himself is not bright, or one who asserts himself cannot shine. A self-approving man has no merit, nor does one who praises himself grow.

The relation of these things (self-display, self-assertion, self-approval) to Dao is the same as offal is to food. They are excrescences from the system; they are detestable; Dao does not dwell in them.

Interpretation:

Again this chapter cautions us about vanity and the ego and the very funny metaphors again points out the happy heart of the taoist.   We cannot stand on our ego with any more grace than we can on our tiptoes.  

The comparison of the ego to "offal" is funny but leads to a deeper question.  By saying "self-display" etc. exist in relation to the Dao in the same way that offal relates to food, the author suggests that ego is a by product of the Tao.  Why might they say that?

Understanding the Tao te Ching Chapter 18: Falling from Grace

For this chapter we will use Legge's translation.

18.

When the Great Dao (Way or Method) ceased to be observed, benevolence and righteousness came into vogue. (Then) appeared wisdom and shrewdness, and there ensued great hypocrisy.

When harmony no longer prevailed throughout the six kinships, filial sons found their manifestation; when the states and clans fell into disorder, loyal ministers appeared.

Interpretation:

It is sometimes easy to forget that the Tao itself does not know right and wrong.  It does not understand good and bad.  It simply follows its nature and all that rise out of it live also in accord with their nature.  Those who follow the Dao tend not identify themselves with labels such as Democrat or Cub's Fan.  They realize that such feelings rise naturally out of their life experience but that they are not held to the condition democrat.  It is simply something that they are experiencing.  Thus they don't tend to get into idealist quarrels or disagreements in bars with Brave's fans.

This chapter may be seen as the observation that when all people (apparently at some time in the past) observed the Dao, there was little need for concern over right and wrong.  People simply acted or failed to act as was there nature.  There was also little concern with ideas (such as party affiliation.)

The conditions that we see today; people willing to kill over ideas or kill people they perceive as bad, can be seen as the result of this fall from the Tao.  There is a paradox here, in that this killing is human nature.

How would the way back to the Tao be found, and who would find it?

Understanding the Tao te Ching Chapter 6: 成象

6.

The Spirit of the perennial spring is said to be immortal, she is called the Mysterious One. The Mysterious One is typical of the source of heaven and earth. It is continually and endlessly issuing and without effort.

Interpretation:

While the Tao is considered to be boundless and formless, Taoist describe the world of form as drawing energy from the yin and yang.  The yin is considered to be receptive and nurturing, female, the yang, expressive and energetic, male.  This chapter can be seen as a description of yin.

Susuki translate the same passage this way.

"The valley spirit not expires,
Mysterious woman ’tis called by the sires. The mysterious woman's door, to boot, Is called of heaven and earth the root. Forever and aye it seems to endure And its use is without effort sure."